20 December 2015

Kammaai - the Pandya irrigation system

‘Kammaai’ is the colloquial term used in Pandya territory / Southern Tamilnadu to refer the lakes meant primarily for irrigation purpose.

In Thondai mandalam i.e. Northern part of Tamilnadu, lakes are referred as ‘Eri’. Southern Kammaais are lesser in size than the eris of Thondai region.

Kammai systems in Paandya territory are manmade and centuries old. They are built at vantage locations using the topographical features to the advantage and in tune with the meteorology of a region. Almost no Kammai is standalone but ingeniously interconnected with nearby kammais, channels and river systems.

Each Kammai has the indispensable features such as a catchment area, water influx courses, well defined banks, shutters, efflux courses and overflow/ spillover check dam.

Paddy fields irrigated by the kammai are the purpose and the integral part of the system. Kammai, along with its catchment area, Aayacut /connected farm lands; connected community of people collectively formed a locality/ village or ‘oor’.  Thus kammaai or any other irrigation system is the pivot system of a number of ancient localities.

Ayyanaar is the deity who protects the kammais of Paandya territory. So Ayyanaar temple is another integral feature of all ancient kammais of Paandyaa country.

Nearly 300 kammais form part of Vaigai river system. The kammais in the Northern side of Vaigai collect water from the hill ranges, such as Palani Hills, Sirumalai range and Alagar malai. The kammais here are made by bunds and hold water against gravity. The South eastern slope of the Northern bank side regions towards Vaigai river is ingeniously used so that the rain waters cascade down from one kammai to another in a series and ultimately the excess drains into the Vaigai River whereas, the kammais in the southern side draw from the Vaigai river showing another ingenious arrangement in tune with the topographic feature of the southern bank side. the river water is drawn to as far as possible depending upon the slope and connected gravity of the region.     

A number of kammai systems in the present Madurai city limits had been filled up and disappeared beneath the District court, Municipal Corporation office, PF office, AIR facility, Income Tax Office, Public Transport depot, Bus stands, etc…….

When the ancient and rich paddy fields were turned into residential colonies, the kammaais were trapped into such colonies and have become almost redundant or rather unwanted irritants!!

Hence they are converted for other ‘useful’ purposes…

Kodikulam kammaai was recently rescued by the alert people of the locality from being converted into Madurai branch of Anna University…..

Expanding urban centers always eye on the real-estate potential of water bodies….

However, the alarming fall in ground water levels has raised the concern for the water recharging sources…..

I have visited few kammais in the Northern bank of Vaigai with one friend and neighbor who showed interest in kammais….

S. Alangulam - [ Sambandhar Alangulam] : This kammai is a smaller one. It probably sources its water from nearby Aanayur kammaai. The nearby and now extinct Kosakulam might also drained into this kammaai. S. Alangulam is connected with Sellur kammai, one of the biggest in the region. This kammaai has been trapped into the residential colonies and has lost its relevance.

However the suffix, 'kulam' refers a smaller and well constructed water body meant for bathing purpose.

The prefix 'Sambandhar', curiously refers one of the four Prime Gurus of Tamil Saivism. The classical Tamil work, 'Periyapuraanam' describes in detail the visit of Sambandhar to Madurai in 7th Century. The visit changed the course of Tamil history. The visit resulted in defeat of Samanaa occupation of Madurai and Pandya country was restored back to its original socio-cultural moorings from the harsh ascetic ways of Samana influence. S. Alangulam might have been connected in some way to the journey of Sambandhar as the next locality is Sellur which was the prime gate way to the ancient Madurai from the North.


closely encircled by residential buildings....





debris dumped into the useless kammaai..

  
Aanaiyur Kammaai: Though the residential concretes eaten into a major part of the ayacut fields of this kammaai, there are still a segment of the farm fields left out by the advancing 'development' which offer a peep into the vibrant past era locality system of the Madurai region.........  


The Sirumalai range in the back drop......


A strong bund course....

approaching concrete civilisation........


Scenic beauty of the Aanaiyur kammai...... 
There is no bund on the opposite - Northern side as it is the catchment area. The topography of the Northern side landscape to River Vaigai is sloping towards the course of the river. As gravity acting on the hydraulic dynamics in the region between the Palani malai - Sirumalai - Alagarmalai - Karanthamalai - Piranmalai ranges and river Vaigai i.e. the northern landscapes to the River, any kammai system needs only a semi circular bund structure to hold water on the sloping sides. There are scores of ancient kammais using this topographic feature in this region in an ingenious way to harvest the precious fresh water.  2000 years old Sangham literature mentions this feature as half moon structure.  

Banyan canopy on the banks.......


The southern side to the kammai is the Ayakut area - i.e. the irrigated farm lands 


The still existing paddy fields.......

A refreshing splash into the adjacent well..... 



gathering clouds reflecting on the wet lands.....

Under the banyan shade and soothing winds........




Karuppasaamy temple on the banks.....

Tamil tradition never shied away.......... from anything which is integral part of life. There was no hypocritical taboo or any 'forbidden apple'........After all apples are supposed to keep oneself healthy......!

'Sringaaraa' is one of the 'nawa rasaas' i.e. nine aesthetic flavours of Indian art tradition.


Erotic art is an acknowledged dimension of Sringaaraa and in Tamil literary tradition, 'Agam' division of literature deals with kaama/romance. 



A 'sudhai' shilpa art work...i.e. sculpture made of lime, brick and plaster of paris and now with cement....atop the temple on the kammaai bank......

A beautiful expression of erotic art....

May this fields of centuries remain for the coming centuries......... 

Sluice shutter........

Sluice system



The source of water is considered sacred. Traces of prayers offered......

May our Karuppasaamy protect this kammaai system for ever........

Ayyanaar ... the protective deity of the kammaai....
Podhumbu kammaai:

Visited this kammaai in yesteryear. The podhumbu village, one of the ancient agrarian village on the outskirts of Madurai has massive twin kammai system - a unique sample still surviving....
The kammaai bund is fixed by palm tree pins....

the sluice.....

the sprawling landscape of kammaai....

The massive bund structure running into kilometers.....
 The ancient kammaai bunds are said to have a running central wall of ground sand to prevent seepage of water.....




Sirumalai in the distant backdrop....


The surrounding 'water vaults' holding minimum water during dry time.......





15 December 2015

flooding thoughts…..

The heavy downpour coupled with floods may have brought down Chennai to it's knees but the calamity has brought out the humanity and its latent aspirations locked beneath the jungles of concrete.

I heard experiences that families in the upper floors of apartments shared their space and provisions with the families from the flooded lower floors.  There was severe space crunch. The provisions were dwindling and were used in ration. However,  I came to know the comment that such days were in fact bustling with activity and enjoyable as they were with more human company ……  a break from the dull routine cellular family nests. …..

I have read in an article of a nostalgic childhood memoirs that that author  recollected the joint family members and the bustling human presence in his childhood house…. even unrelated, distant neighbours of his street used to stay in his house nay….home for quite some time ….. and lamented to compare his present loneliness …..

In spite of having only something there was peace and fullness in life…….

One Admn official of Central Research lab shared his childhood memoirs in his village, Sakkimangalam near Madurai that milk or milk products were never sold or bought but only shared in his village. Excess milk of a household would be placed in the 'Thinnai' /portico and any one could collect to the need.

As we get civilized and educated we migrated to Chennai where every hue of the so called development possibilities ……nay …. means to survival and  make quick money is available…

However...., in spite of every thing(s) there appears to be emptiness …

The reason being lesser human company – fear of holding fast to the hard accumulated ‘wealth’ – ‘necessity’ of ‘junk luxuries’ – and the result is -archipelagos of unit family islands…….

Are there any surviving joint families in Tamil lands?

A survey may perhaps find few countable!

Sociologists suggest that a close nit village is the ideal social unit for the human living …

Heavy rains and drought are historically recurrent in Tamil lands……

Our ancestors were keen observers of nature and built irrigation systems and networked them with natural water courses in line with the meteorological and topographic features… no PWD…nay… the successive dispensations of post Kamaraj era created them….

Such systems were maintained and preserved through the centuries of past until the colonial occupation.

Almost all the huge irrigation reservoirs in the plains and their intricate networks and their connected farm lands in the Pandya country are centuries old as few are referred even in the Sangam literature – dating further back... !

We neglected them…. Belittled them….. encroached them……vandalized them…..and called it development…..

Is it not that the children can commit mistakes ….still they are children……but whoever first to embrace back is the grownup....?!

The rains showed us the presence of the great systems created by the genius of our ancestors…..

Economist Shumacher, in his acclaimed work, Small is Beautiful, condemns the scant regard the development concepts give to the ‘ubiquitous’ / ‘freely available’ factors like water and air….

The Nehruvian thrust to the capital intensive ‘modern temples’ threw aside the Gandhian emphasize on reworking and reinforcing the already existing, self sustaining village system….

May we now care to recognize the splendor of Kosasthalai River, Coovam River, Adyar River and scores of other wonderful networks which still sustain the very Chennai - the colonial remnant which is actually bent on destroying their very existence?

Heavy floods in the Southern Districts did not cause Chennai like devastation. The flood waters drained through the existing Tamiraparani and other river systems networked elaborately with so many chains of reservoirs upto the 'kadai-madai' - the last storing system in the link near the sea shore. Further, the ancient residential townships and villages were  placed on 'Natham lands' i.e. lands with higher altitude than the surrounding landscape. The low lying areas of the plains were cultivated by the ancient settlers. There are a number of ancient villages with the adjective 'Natham' in southern Tamilnadu.

Madurai head of the Chamber of Commerce has pointed out pooling of everything in Chennai and depriving the Southern districts as the root cause of loss of properties to exorbitant scales.  There has been massive and steady migration towards the urban centers dotting the main trunk road from Nagercoil to Chennai from the hinterlands. May the Tamil land be 'de-Chennaised'.

1943 Chennai flood report in the Hindu says that citizens formed groups and provided relief to the flood affected and to the homeless as the colonial Govt was controlled by the war time priorities and could not do much….

Whether situations have turned after 72 years…………?

I interacted with an energetic and youthful relief team, ‘vaa nanbaa’ from Madurai and assisted them to procure few relief materials.

I spoke to a dedicated rescue volunteer who used a motor boat with his team for a week in Northern Chennai –a settler from Nellai with his team he rescued scores of stranded people. I interacted with a relief activist, Sakthikumar, in Trichy who has formed a Kadalur help group and coordinated the relief providers and seekers. The small group of a reporter and few others were instrumental in channelizing 4 crores of relief materials to the needy.  Sakthikumar followed a novel idea of sourcing information on the ground situation from the nook and corner of the District by ringing up to the post offices…. Govt can brain storm the innovative ways of using the strong India post network which connects even the remotest villages for channelizing relief or even development works….   

The Kadalur District administration accounts Rs.40 Crores as food expenses and Rs. 60 Crores for other relief measures to the flood victims of Kadalur!

I guess with 40 crores, perhaps half the population of the vast Kadalur district could have been fed for at least 4 days…..!

Is there any such magnitude of relief reported?

May the RTI activists/ press investigations verify the facts……….

Bharathi said to have extensively reported on 1916 cyclone which ravaged Pondicherry in his Sudhesamitran columns…….

Storms, rains, destruction and sufferings churned out few immortal poems from Bharathi. His experiences as a reporter and his observations perhaps resulted in beautiful poems, particularly under the caption, ‘காற்று’. 

For further on Chennai...... my previous blog, '@Chennai but not a travelogue'....... 

Few photos of the floods which say it all on the floods …







Hats off to the heroic police officer Sylendra Babu. He was busy on rescue missions with his team......




1943 - Chennai flood as captured by 'The Hindu'....



Floods and droughts may come and go in Tamil lands.....

Tamil country is never ever short of heroes against the waves of adversities.........